g

ecological dictionary

G

Gamma radiation

One of three types of radiation (alpha and beta are the other two). Gamma radiation travels very fast and is the most penetrating. It can easily penetrate skin, and leaves behind energy in the form of ions or free radicals which produce harmful changes in cells.

Geo

As a prefix, geo- is taken from the Greek word ge meaning "earth" in the sense of "ground or land". It is often used to describe the conjunction of everything inorganic in a country or region.

Gas

The phase of a material in which its molecules are free to move without any force to keep them together.

Genes

Arranged in long chains called chromosomes, they function as the transmitters of hereditary information and characteristics. They are made of DNA. (See also Chromosome and DNA.)

Genetic engineering

The deliberate changing (or recombining) of genes, which carry the hereditary information of living organisms. In 1973, Stanley Cohen, from Stanford University, and Herbert Boyer, from the University of California, announced the completion of their first experiment changing the structure of a gene. This was the start of genetic engineering. (See also DNA.)

Geology

The study of the composition, structure, physical properties and history of the earth.

Glucose

A sugar containing 6 carbon atoms. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is the most common simple sugar.

Geobiophysics

The physical, biological and geological aspects of an ecosystem.

Green Revolution

An effort initiated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to end famine. Launched in 1963, the Green Revolution promoted the use of fertilizers, genetically modified crops and new machinery to increase crop yields. The governments of many developing countries were convinced the end of hunger was at hand; wheat production increased in Mexico, for example. More than 40 years later, however, malnutrition remains a serious problem. The quality and flavor of the hybrid crops introduced by the Green Revolution were inferior to local varieties, and the increased use of chemicals harmed the soil and human health. The main beneficiaries of the Green Revolution were large landowners and chemical manufacturers.

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